Yaqoot Ruby Birthstone Fashion 2015 Wedding Party Jewelry.

Yaqoot Ruby Birthstone Fashion 2015 Wedding Party Jewelry. 

Yaqoot Ruby  Birthstone Fashion 2015 Wedding Party Jewelry. 

By Aamir Manan.

Contents  

1 Physical properties

1.1 Color

2 Natural occurrence

3 Factors affecting value

4 Treatments and enhancements

5 Synthetic and imitation rubies

6 Records and famous rubies

7 Historical and cultural references

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

Physical properties/

Crystal structure of ruby

Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale of 

mineral hardness. Among the natural gems only moissanite and diamond are harder, with diamond having a Mohs hardness of 10.0 and moissonite falling somewhere in between corundum (ruby) and diamond in hardness. Ruby is α-alumina (the most stable form of Al2O3) in which a small fraction of the aluminium3+ ions are replaced by chromium3+ ions. Each Cr3+ is surrounded octahedrally by six O2- ions. This crystallographic arrangement strongly affects each Cr3+, resulting in light absorption in the yellow-green region of the spectrum and thus in the red color of the gem. When yellow-green light is absorbed by Cr3+, it is re-emitted as red luminescence.[2] This red emission adds to the red color perceived by the subtraction of green and violet light from white light, and adds luster to the gem's appearance. When the optical arrangement is such that the emission is stimulated by 694-nanometer photons reflecting back and forth between two mirrors, the emission grows strongly in intensity. This effect was used by Theodore Maiman in 1960 to make the first successful laser, based on ruby.