Suriname Sapphire Diamond Marriage Fashion Necklace Jewellery 1060

 Suriname Sapphire Diamond Marriage Fashion Necklace Jewellery   

By Aamir Mannan

The first laser was made with a rod of synthetic ruby. Titanium-sapphire lasers are popular due to their relatively rare capacity to be tuned to various wavelengths in the red and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. They can also be easily mode-locked. In these lasers a synthetically produced sapphire crystal with chromium or titanium impurities is irradiated with intense light from a special lamp, or another laser, to create stimulated emission.

High quality synthetic sapphire substrates use in nanotechnology is often called Blue Glass, due to its blue colour.

Pakistani Marriage Fashion Diamond Jewellery Ring Necklace 2002

Pakistani Marriage Fashion Diamond Jewellery Ring Necklace.

Pakistani Marriage Fashion Diamond Jewellery Necklace.

By Aamir Mannan.

We made jewelery for the bride's preparations. Which is very efficient. The bride will be thrilled to see you. The country of poets and brides will be seen. But I did not have my beautiful bride. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, or silver. Most contemporary gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. 

Ruby Diamond 2015 Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery 2076

Ruby Diamond 2015 Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery

By Amir mannan 

FA Mannan Jewellery Collection. your choice is great honor for us. in the ruby diamond gold necklace set. For Marriage selection.

When the optical arrangement is such that the emission is stimulated by 694-nanometer photons reflecting back and forth between two mirrors, the emission grows strongly in intensity. This effect was used by Theodore Maiman in 1960 to make the first successful laser, based on ruby.

Congo Republic (Brazzaville) Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery 77

Congo Republic (Brazzaville) Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

An early turquoise mine in the Madan village of Khorasan, Iran

Turquoise is treated to enhance both its colour and durability (i.e., increased hardness and decreased porosity). As is so often the case with any precious stones, full disclosure about treatment is frequently not given. It is therefore left to gemologists to detect these treatments in suspect stones using a variety of testing methods—some of which are necessarily destructive. For example, the use of a heated probe applied to an inconspicuous spot will reveal oil, wax, or plastic treatment with certainty.

Lapis lazuli Diamond Marriage White Gold Jewellery Necklace Earring Ring

Lapis lazuli Diamond Marriage White Gold Jewellery Necklace Earring Ring

Lapis lazuli Diamond Marriage White Gold Jewellery Necklace Earring Ring .

 By Aamir Mannan. 

FA Mannan Jewellery. In The 18 karat yellow gold lapis-lazuli religious cross pendant-earring and ring necklace bangles diamond fashion jewellery. Lapis lazuli /ˈlæpɪs ləˈzuːliː/ or /-ˈlæʒuːlaɪ/, or lapis for short, is a deep blue semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.

Anguilla Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace Bracelet 3049

Anguilla Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace Bracelet.

By Amir Mannan

Overview

Nephrite and jadeite

Nephrite and jadeite were used from prehistoric periods for hardstone carving. Jadeite has about the same hardness as quartz. Nephrite is slightly softer, but is tougher (more resistant to breakage) than jadeite. It was not until the 19th century that a French mineralogist, Alexis Damour (1808-1902), determined that "jade" was in fact two different minerals.[citation needed]

Marriage Fashion Gold Jewllery New Designs Necklace Earring 2069

Marriage Fashion Gold Jewllery New Designs Necklace Earring.

Marriage Fashion Gold Jewllery New Designs Necklace Earring.
FA Mannan Jewellery Collection.
By Aamir mannan.

 In Fashion Jewellery of world. The fashion it beautiful women and girl choice. Necklace earring bracelet ring and pearls jewellery. 18k Gold. According to Schiffer, some of the characteristics of the costume jewelry in the Art Deco period were: Free-flowing curves were replaced with a harshly geometric and symmetrical theme. Long pendants, bangle bracelets, cocktail rings, and elaborate accessory items such as cigarette cases and holders

Democratic Republic Congo (Kinshasa) Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Ankle Bracelet Gold Jewellery 76

Democratic Republic Congo (Kinshasa) Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Ankle Bracelet Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Some destructive tests may, however, be necessary; for example, the application of diluted hydrochloric acid will cause the carbonates odontolite and magnesite to effervesce and howlite to turn green, while a heated probe may give rise to the pungent smell so indicative of plastic. Differences in specific gravity, refractive index, light absorption (as evident in a material's absorption spectrum), and other physical and optical properties are also considered as means of separation.

Cayman Islands Wedding Ring Necklace Fashion Emerald Gold Jewellery 1064

Cayman Islands Wedding Ring Necklace Fashion Emerald Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown," "laboratory-created," "[manufacturer name]-created," or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named.

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery 2075

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery

By Amir mannan 

FA Mannan Jewellery Collection. your choice is great honor for us. in the ruby diamond gold necklace set. For Marriage selection. 

surrounded octahedrally by six O2− ions. This crystallographic arrangement strongly affects each Cr3+, resulting in light absorption in the yellow-green region of the spectrum and thus in the red color of the gem. 

When yellow-green light is absorbed by Cr3+, it is re-emitted as red luminescence.[4] This red emission adds to the red color perceived by the subtraction of green and violet light from white light, and adds luster to the gem's appearance

Swaziland Sapphire Diamond Marriage Fashion Necklace Jewellery 1059

Swaziland Sapphire Diamond Marriage Fashion Necklace Jewellery   

By Aamir Mannan

Synthetic sapphire is also produced industrially from agglomerated aluminium oxide, sintered and fused (such as by hot isostatic pressing) in an inert atmosphere, yielding a transparent but slightly porous polycrystalline product.[citation needed]

In 2003 the world's production of synthetic sapphire was 250 tons (1.25 × 109 carats), mostly by the United States and Russia.] The availability of cheap synthetic sapphire unlocked many industrial uses for this unique material:

Pakistani Bridal Marriage Fashion 2015 Diamond Jewellery Ring Necklace E...

Pakistani Bridal Marriage Fashion 2015 Diamond Jewellery Ring Necklace Earring 

Pakistani Bridal Marriage Fashion 2015 Diamond Jewellery Ring Necklace Earring 

By Aamir mannan 

Jewellery can also symbolise group membership (as in the case, of the Christian crucifix or the Jewish Star of David) or status FA Mannan Jewellery Collection the beautiful diamond gold jewellery choice for marriage and party. Bridal diamond jewellery. (as in the case of chains of office, or the Western practice of married people wearing wedding rings).

Angolan Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace Bracelet.3048

 Angolan Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace Bracelet. 

By Amir Mannan
Etymology

The English word jade is derived (via French l'ejade and Latin ilia "flanks, kidney area") from the Spanish term piedra de ijada (first recorded in 1565) or "loin stone", from its reputed efficacy in curing ailments of the loins and kidneys. Nephrite is derived from lapis nephriticus, the Latin version of the Spanish piedra de ijada.

Benin Emerald Marriage Fashion White Gold Jewellery Necklace Ring 1057

Benin Emerald Marriage Fashion White Gold Jewellery Necklace Earring. 

 By Amir Mannan.

He described the use of emerald by early lapidaries, who “have no better method of restoring their eyes than by looking at the emerald, its soft, green color comforting and removing their weariness and lassitude.” Even today, the color green is known to relieve stress and eye strain.

Andorran Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace 3047

 Andorran Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace.

By Amir Mannan
 The higher the iron content, the greener the colour.
Jadeite is a sodium- and aluminium-rich pyroxene. The gem form of the mineral is a microcrystalline interlocking crystal matrix.
Contents  [hide]
1 Etymology
2 Overview
2.1 Nephrite and jadeite
2.2 Unusual varieties
3 History
3.1 Prehistoric and historic China
3.2 Prehistoric and historic India
3.3 Prehistoric and early historic Korea
3.4 Southeast Asia
3.5 Māori
3.6 Canada
3.6.1 Mining
3.7 Mesoamerica
4 Enhancement
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Sapphire Marriage Fashion Birth stone Jewellery Earring Necklace Ring 2067

Sapphire Marriage Fashion Birth stone Jewellery Earring Necklace 

Sapphire Marriage Fashion Birth stone Jewellery Earring Necklace Ring.

 By Aamir Manan.

The cost of natural sapphires varies depending on their color, clarity, size, cut, and overall quality – as well as their geographic origin. Significant sapphire deposits are found in Eastern Australia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, China (Shandong), Madagascar, East Africa, and in North America in a few locations, mostly in Montana.[3] Sapphire and rubies are often found in the same geographic environment, but one of the gems is usually more abundant in any of the sites

Comoros Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery 75

Comoros Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

These fakes are detected by gemologists using a number of tests, relying primarily on non-destructive, close examination of surface structure under magnification; a featureless, pale blue background peppered by flecks or spots of whitish material is the typical surface appearance of natural turquoise, while manufactured imitations will appear radically different in both colour (usually a uniform dark blue) and texture (usually granular or sugary). Glass and plastic will have a much greater translucency, with bubbles or flow lines often visible just below the surface. Staining between grain boundaries may be visible in dyed imitations.

Cape Verde Wedding Ring Necklace Fashion Emerald Gold Jewellery 1063

Cape Verde Wedding Ring Earring Necklace Fashion Emerald Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Luminescence in ultraviolet light is considered a supplementary test when making a natural vs. synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to ultraviolet light. Many synthetics are also UV inert.

Sweden Sapphire Diamond Marriage Fashion Necklace Jewellery 10058

Sweden Sapphire Diamond Marriage Fashion Necklace Jewellery   

By Aamir Mannan

rtificial sapphire material is identical to natural sapphire, except it can be made without the flaws that are found in natural stones. The disadvantage of Verneuil process is that the grown crystals have high internal strains. Many methods of manufacturing sapphire today are variations of the Czochralski process, which was invented in 1916 by Polish chemist Jan Czochralski.[44] In this process a tiny sapphire seed crystal is dipped into a crucible made of the precious metal iridium or molybdenum,[45] containing molten alumina, and then slowly withdrawn upward at a rate of 1 to 100 mm per hour. The alumina crystallizes on the end, creating long carrot-shaped boules of large size up to 200 kg in mass

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery 2074

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery

Ruby Diamond Fashion Gold Marriage Selection Jewellery

By Amir mannan 

FA Mannan Jewellery Collection. your choice is great honor for us. in the ruby diamond gold necklace set. For Marriage selection. 

surrounded octahedrally by six O2− ions. This crystallographic arrangement strongly affects each Cr3+, resulting in light absorption in the yellow-green region of the spectrum and thus in the red color of the gem. 

When yellow-green light is absorbed by Cr3+, it is re-emitted as red luminescence.[4] This red emission adds to the red color perceived by the subtraction of green and violet light from white light, and adds luster to the gem's appearance

Christmas Island Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Gold Jewellery 72

Christmas Island Turquoise Bridal Fashion  Necklace Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

In many cultures of the Old and New Worlds, this gemstone has been esteemed for thousands of years as a holy stone, a bringer of good fortune or a talisman. It really does have the right to be called a 'gemstone of the peoples'. The oldest evidence for this claim was found in Ancient Egypt, where grave furnishings with turquoise inlay were discovered, dating from approximately 3000 BCE. In the ancient Persian Empire, the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death. If they changed colour, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom. Meanwhile, it has been discovered that the turquoise certainly can change colour, but that this is not necessarily a sign of impending danger. The change can be caused by the light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, dust or the acidity of the skin.

Canada Wedding Ring Fashion Emerald Gold Jewellery 1062

Canada Wedding Ring Fashion Emerald Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon-containing nutrient be kept away from the other ingredients to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. The largest producer of hydrothermal emeralds today is Tairus in Russia, which has succeeded in synthesizing emeralds with chemical composition similar to emeralds in alkaline deposits in Colombia, and whose products are thus known as “Colombian Created Emeralds” or “Tairus Created Emeralds”

Slovenia Marriage Fashion 2015 White Gold Jewellery 188

Slovenia Marriage Fashion 2015 White Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Gems and Pearls Real and Fake

Jewels have always been used as love tokens and whilst many pieces were fine gems and precious metals, good fake jewellery intended to deceive existed.  True gemstones and pearls originated from the east and were bought chiefly by the Italians.  The Italian merchants then sold the goods on in Europe.  Good glass imitations were often used and sometimes with intent as in royal funerary robes and children's jewellery.

Flawless, round, natural, large white pearls were prized more than precious gemstones. The finest of pearls were provided by South India and the Persian Gulf, see good examples of pearl jewellery.  The Italians, particularly the Venetians and people from Murano, could make imitation glass gems and pearls that were very good likenesses of the real jewels.  Recipes for false pearls existed in 1300 when white powdered glass mixed with albumen (egg white) and snail slime, produced beads that were used as imitation pearls. 

American Samoa Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Necklace 3046

American Samoa Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Necklace. 

By Aamir Mannan

Nephrite consists of a microcrystalline interlocking fibrous matrix of the calcium, magnesium-iron rich amphibole mineral series tremolite (calcium-magnesium)-ferroactinolite (calcium-magnesium-iron). The middle member of this series with an intermediate composition is called actinolite (the silky fibrous mineral form is one form of asbestos).

Belgium Emerald Marriage Fashion White Gold Jewellery Necklace Ring 1056

Belgium Emerald Marriage Fashion White Gold Jewellery Necklace Ring.

 By Amir Mannan.

Emerald is very popular in the world. People who are born to rock the rock. And in women it is very popular.

The 75.47-carat Hooker Emerald was worn by Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire. - Chip Clark, courtesy Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History.

Emerald’s lush green has soothed souls and excited imaginations since antiquity. Its name comes from the ancient Greek word for green, “smaragdus.” Rome’s Pliny the Elder described emerald in his Natural History, published in the first century AD: “…nothing greens greener” was his verdict. 

Ruby Diamond Gold Marriage selection Jewellery Necklace 2073

Ruby Diamond Gold Marriage selection Jewellery Necklace

By Amir Mannan

Ruby is α-alumina (the most stable form of Al2O3) in which a small fraction of the aluminium3+ ions are replaced by chromium3+ ions. Each Cr3+ is surrounded octahedrally by six O2− ions. FA Mannan Jewellery Collection. your choice is great honor for us. in the ruby diamond gold necklace set. For Marriage selection. This crystallographic arrangement strongly affects each Cr3+, resulting in light absorption in the yellow-green region of the spectrum and thus in the red color of the gem. When yellow-green light is absorbed by Cr3+, it is re-emitted as red luminescence. 

Chinese Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery 71

Chinese Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery.

 By Aamir Mannan.

The French conducted archaeological excavations of Egypt from the mid-19th century through the early 20th. These excavations, including that of Tutankhamun's tomb, created great public interest in the western world, subsequently influencing jewellery, architecture, and art of the time. Turquoise, already favoured for its pastel shades since c. 1810, was a staple of Egyptian Revival pieces. In contemporary Western use, turquoise is most often encountered cut en cabochon in silver rings, bracelets, often in the Native American style, or as tumbled or roughly hewn beads in chunky necklaces. Lesser material may be carved into fetishes, such as those crafted by the Zuni. While strong sky blues remain superior in value, mottled green and yellowish material is popular with artisans. In Western culture, turquoise is also the traditional birthstone for those born in the month of December. The turquoise is also a stone in the Jewish High Priest's breastplate, described in Exodus 28.

Slovakia Marriage Fashion 2015 Gold Jewellery Necklace Set 187

 Slovakia Marriage Fashion 2015 Gold Jewellery Necklace Set. 

By Aamir Mannan.

After 1760 the production of fake jewellery spread to London and to Birmingham.  Steel which was produced easily during the industrial revolution was used for settings for marcasite and jasper ware cameos.  Glass and Wedgwood porcelain paste cameos were made in English factories and were very popular too.

Ornate shoe buckles of paste, steel and tin were part of fashionable dress.  A similar fad at this time were elaborate paste jewelled buttons, fashionable in British society.  As well as fake jewellery gaining popularity, semi precious jewels such as uncut garnets became usual as part of less formal day dress.

You are reading an original article about the History of Jewellery by Pauline Weston Thomas only for publication on www.fashion-era.com ©.

Sapphire Marriage Fashion Birthstone Jewellery Earring Necklace Ring 2066

Sapphire Marriage Fashion Birthstone Jewellery Earring Necklace Ring 

Sapphire Marriage Fashion Birthstone Jewellery Earring Necklace Ring.

 By Aamir Mannan.

The sapphire is one of the three gem-varieties of corundum, the other two being ruby – defined as corundum in a shade of red—and padparadscha—a pinkish orange variety. Although blue is their most well-known color, sapphires may also be colorless and they are found in many colors including shades of gray and black.

Chile Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery 70

Chile Turquoise Bridal Fashion Necklace Bracelet Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

The Egyptian use of turquoise stretches back as far as the First Dynasty and possibly earlier; however, probably the most well-known pieces incorporating the gem are those recovered from Tutankhamun's tomb, most notably the Pharaoh's iconic burial mask which was liberally inlaid with the stone. It also adorned rings and great sweeping necklaces called pectorals. Set in gold, the gem was fashioned into beads, used as inlay, and often carved in a scarab motif, accompanied by carnelian, lapis lazuli, and in later pieces, coloured glass. Turquoise, associated with the goddess Hathor, was so liked by the Ancient Egyptians that it became (arguably) the first gemstone to be imitated, the fair structure created by an artificial glazed ceramic product known as faience.

Singapore Marriage Fashion 2015 Gold Jewellery Ring 186

 Singapore Marriage Fashion 2015 Gold Jewellery Ring. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Paste is a compound of glass containing white lead oxide and potash.  Paste jewellery was usual in the 1670s and was worn at court.  The best and most long lasting paste jewellery was produced after 1734 by Georges Strass.  Most fake jewellery was Paris led. Just about any kind of fake gem could be made, including fake opals.  Many pieces of fake jewellery have survived in their original setting, but fine estate pieces of real gems were often broken up for resetting into more fashionable styles of the era. 

Algerian Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace Bracelet 3045

Algerian Jade Birthstone Marriage Fashion 2015 Jewellery Ring Necklace Bracelet.

 By Aamir Mannan

This article is about the gem stone. For other uses, see Jade (disambiguation). A selection of antique, hand-crafted Chinese jade buttons. Un worked jade

Jade on display in Jade City, British Columbia, Canada

Jade is an ornamental rock. The term jade is applied to two different metamorphic rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals: