Yaqoot Ruby Sri Lankan Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery 4020

Yaqoot Ruby Sri Lankan Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery. 

By Aamir Manan.

Synthetic rubies have technological uses as well as gemological ones. Rods of synthetic ruby are used to make ruby lasers and masers. The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960[18] at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California, beating several research teams including those of Charles H. Townes at Columbia University, Arthur Schawlow at Bell Labs,[19] and Gould at a company called TRG (Technical Research Group). Maiman used a solid-state light-pumped synthetic ruby to produce red laser light at a wavelength of 694 nanometers (nm). Ruby lasers are still in use. Rubies are also used in applications where high hardness is required such as at wear exposed locations in modern mechanical clockworks,

Kenya Fashion 2014 Gold And Silver Jewellery 105

Kenya Fashion 2014 Gold And Silver Jewellery. 

 By Aamir Mannan.

Owing to its high intrinsic value, little diamond jewellery from this period survives. Owners often sold it or re-set the gems into more fashionable designs.

Box, inside is a miniature by Jean Petitot (the Younger)Box containing a watch, watch movement Signed 'Fres Wiss & Amalric' Bridal crown (brudkrona), 18th or 19th century. Museum no. 1354-1873Clasp (poukla), front (above) and back (below)Gold Box, chased on the lid with a scene of Bacchus and Ariadne Ring, 1792. Museum no. M.162-1962

19th-century jewellery

Spray ornament, maker unknown, about 1850. Museum no. M.115-1951. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Spray ornament, maker unknown, about 1850. Museum no. M.115-1951. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

The 19th century was a period of huge industrial and social change, but in jewellery design the focus was often on the past. In the first decades classical styles were popular, evoking the glories of ancient Greece and Rome. This interest in antiquities was stimulated by fresh archaeological discoveries. Goldsmiths attempted to revive ancient techniques and made jewellery that imitated, or was in the style of, archaeological jewellery.

Topaz Girl Fashion 2014 Gold Bridal Jewellery In Japan 220

Topaz Girl Fashion 2014 Gold Bridal Jewellery In Japan.  

By Aamir Mannan..

History of Topaz - The Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages the topaz was believed to dispel enchantments or spells if set in gold and bound on the left arm or hung round the neck. It preserved the wearer of topaz from sensuality, calmed anger and frenzy, strengthened the intellect, brightened the wit, gave joyousness and contentment, and drove away broodings and depression. It was also worn in the medieval era as a cure for asthma and as a specific treatment against insomnia, being sometimes powdered and taken in wine.20

Jade Jamaica Fashion 2014 And Birthstone Gold Jewellery 3020

Jade Jamaica Fashion 2014 And Birthstone Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Enhancement.

Jade may be enhanced (sometimes called "stabilized"). Note that some merchants will refer to these as Grades, but it is important to bear in mind that degree of enhancement is different from colour and texture quality. In other words, Type A jadeite is not enhanced but can have poor colour and texture. There are three main methods of enhancement, sometimes referred to as the ABC Treatment System:

Yaqoot Ruby Reunion Island Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery 4019

Yaqoot Ruby Reunion Island Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery. 

By Aamir Manan.

Other processes in which synthetic rubies can be produced are through Czochralski's pulling process, flux process, and the hydrothermal process. Most synthetic rubies originate from flame fusion, due to the low costs involved. Synthetic rubies may have no imperfections visible to the naked eye but magnification may reveal curves, striae and gas bubbles. The fewer the number and the less obvious the imperfections, the more valuable the ruby is; unless there are no imperfections (i.e., a "perfect" ruby), in which case it will be suspected of being artificial. Dopants are added to some manufactured rubies so they can be identified as synthetic, but most need gemological testing to determine their origin.

Aquamarine Birthstone Fashion 2014 Gold Jordan Wedding Jewellery 2019

 Aquamarine Birthstone Fashion 2014 Gold Jordan Wedding Jewellery.   

By Aamir Mamnnan.

Aquamarine is emerald's most famous sister. It is simply a different color variety of the mineral beryl. Greenish-blue to bluish-green beryl is called aquamarine. The advances of modern technology have made it possible, and very common, for aquamarine to be heat-treated to drive the green out of the stone and leave a more pleasing blue. This is a permanent treatment and has become accepted in the jewelry industry.

Topaz Girl Fashion 2014 Gold Bridal Jewellery Jamaica 219

Topaz Girl Fashion 2014 Gold Bridal Jewellery In Jamaica. 

By Aamir Mannan..
The Topaz was called by Pliny "The Stone of Strength," and he describes

 as the most valuable, stones that have a predominating tint of orange in their colouring. Albertus Magnus recommends it as a cure for gout, and Camillus Leonardus as a charm against hæmorrhoids; lunacy, and sudden death; also to bring riches to its wearers, and the favours of princes.

Western Sahara Emerald Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery 1024

Western Sahara Emerald Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery.  

By Aamir Mannan. 

Given that the vast majority of all emeralds are treated as described above, and the fact that two stones that appear visually similar may actually be quite far apart in treatment level and therefore in value, a consumer considering a purchase of an expensive emerald is well advised to insist upon a treatment report from a reputable gemological laboratory. All other factors being equal, a high quality emerald with moderate enhancement should cost severely less than an identical stone graded none.

Kazakhstan Fashion 2014 Gold And Silver Jewellery 104

 Kazakhstan Fashion 2014 Gold And Silver Jewellery.  

By Aamir Mannan.

The most impressive jewels were often large bodice or breast ornaments, which had to be pinned or stitched to stiff dress fabrics. The swirling foliate decoration of the jewels shows new enthusiasm for bow motifs and botanical ornaments.

Breast ornament Ring Pomander Bodice Ornament

18th-century jewellery

Sword, mark of James Morisset, 1798-9. Museum no. 274-1, 2-1869. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Sword, mark of James Morisset, 1798-9. Museum no. 274-1, 2-1869. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

The end of the previous century had seen the development of the brilliant-cut with its multiple facets. Diamonds sparkled as never before and came to dominate jewellery design. Frequently mounted in silver to enhance the stone's white colour, magnificent sets of diamond jewels were essential for court life. The largest were worn on the bodice, while smaller ornaments could be scattered over an outfit.

Yaqoot Ruby Qatar Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery 4018

Yaqoot Ruby Qatar Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery. 

By Aamir Manan.
Synthetic and imitation rubies

Artificial ruby under a normal light (top) and under a green laser light (bottom). Red light is emitted

In 1837 Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies by fusing potash alum at a high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment. In 1847 Ebelmen made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid. In 1877 Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing BaF2 and Al2O3 with a little chromium at red heat. In 1903 Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process. By 1910, Verneuil's laboratory had expanded into a 30 furnace production facility, with annual gemstone production having reached 1,000 kilograms (2,000 lb) in 1907.

Wallis Futuna Islands Emerald Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery 1023

Wallis Futuna Islands Emerald Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery. 

 By Aamir Mannan. 

Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post-lapidary process, in order to fill in surface reaching cracks, improving their clarity and stability. Cedar oil, having a similar refractive index, is often used in this generally accepted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emerald such as Opticon, are also used. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires the disclosure of this treatment when an oil treated emerald is sold.[11] The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade, although oil treated emeralds are worth much less than un-treated emeralds of similar quality. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade. Gems are graded on a four step scale; none, minor, moderate and highly enhanced. Note that these categories reflect levels of enhancement, not clarity. A gem graded none on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories tend to apply these criteria differently. Some gem labs consider the mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not materially improve the look of the gemstone.[citation needed

Aquamarine Birthstone Fashion 2014 Gold Jamaica Wedding Jewellery 2018

 Aquamarine Birthstone Fashion 2014 Gold Jamaica Wedding Jewellery.   

By Aamir Mamnnan.

Ross-Simons Jewelry Presentation Box

Aquamarine Jewelry Care & Handling

Very brittle (7.5-8 Mohs scale) and sensitive to pressure, high temperatures will lead the aquamarine to discolor. Carefully clean your aquamarine jewelry in soapy warm water with a soft cloth. Do not use a home ultrasonic machine to clean aquamarine. Take care to protect aquamarine jewelry from sharp blows and scratches. In addition, aquamarine will fade if it is left in the sun, so remember to leave it away from window sills. We suggest wrapping your aquamarine necklaces, rings and precious aquamarine jewelry in a soft cloth and storing in your Ross-Simons presentation box to preserve the beauty of your aquamarine jewels.

Jade Ireland Fashion 2014 And Birthstone Gold Jewellery 3019

Jade Ireland Fashion 2014 And Birthstone Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.
Canada

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Meso america

Main article: Jade use in Meso america

Jadeite Pectoral from the Mayan Classic period (195 mm or 7.7 in high)

Jade was a rare and valued material in pre-Columbian Meso america. The only source from which the various indigenous cultures, such as the Olmec and Maya, could obtain jade was located in the Motagua River valley in Guatemala. Jade was largely an elite good, and was usually carved in various ways, whether serving as a medium upon which hieroglyphs were inscribed, or shaped into symbolic figurines. Generally, the material was highly symbolic, and it was often employed in the performance of ideological practices and rituals.

Jordan Fashion 2014 Gold And Silver Jewellery 103

Jordan Fashion 2014 Gold And Silver Jewellery.  

By Aamir Mannan.

The designs reflect the new-found interest in the classical world, with mythological figures and scenes becoming popular. The ancient art of gem engraving was revived. The inclusion of portraits reflected another cultural trend - an increased artistic awareness of the individual.

The Heneage Jewel Pendant Pendant Gnade np fennig

17th-century jewellery

Necklace with Sapphire Pendant, bow about 1660, chain and pendant probably 18-1900. Museum no. M.95-1909. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

Necklace with Sapphire Pendant, bow about 1660, chain and pendant probably 18-1900. Museum no. M.95-1909. © Victoria & Albert Museum, London

By the mid-17th century, changes in fashion had introduced new styles of jewellery. While dark fabrics required elaborate gold jewellery, the new softer pastel shades became graceful backdrops for gemstones and pearls. Expanding global trade made gemstones ever more available. Advances in cutting techniques increased the sparkle of gemstones in candlelight.

Jade Holy See Fashion 2014 And Birthstone Gold Jewellery 3018

Jade Holy See Fashion 2014 And Birthstone Gold Jewellery. 

By Aamir Mannan.

Tools, weapons and ornaments were made of it; in particular adzes, the 'mere' (short club), and the Hei-tiki (neck pendant). These were believed to have their own mana, handed down as valuable heirlooms, and often given as gifts to seal important agreements. Nephrite jewellery of Maori design is widely popular with locals and tourists, although some of the jade used for these is now imported from British Columbia and elsewhere.

Topaz Girl Wedding Fashion 2014 Jewellery Iceland 218

Topaz Girl Wedding Fashion 2014 Jewellery Iceland.   

By Aamir Mannan.

It is said that the Roman Emperor Hadrian, whose reign was one of the most prosperous and peaceful in Roman history, and who was most ardent in spreading Christianity, even writing an address to his soul on his death-bed (which inspired Pope's poem, "The Dying Christian to his Soul"), used as a Talisman an antique ring set with a Topaz which was engraved in Roman letters with the words NATURA—DEFICIT,—FORTUNA—MUTATUR,—DEUS—OMNIA—CERNIT, an expression of faith in the Almighty to overrule Nature and Fortune most appropriate to the owner of the ring. The Romans wore the topaz as a preservative from pestilential atmosphere, also to protect its wearer against perils and dangers in travelling, injuries from burns and scalds, and to avert all complaints of the chest and bowels.

Yaqoot Ruby Pakistani Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery 4017

Yaqoot Ruby Pakistani Birthstone Fashion 2014 Wedding Party Jewellery. 

By Aamir Manan.

The second heating process can be repeated three to four times, even applying different mixtures. When jewelry containing rubies is heated (for repairs) it should not be coated with boracic acid or any other substance, as this can etch the surface; it does not have to be "protected" like a diamond.

The treatment can easily be determined using a 10x loupe and determination focuses on finding bubbles either in the cavities or in the fractures that were filled with glass.